References & Resources

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Plain-language descriptions of active scam types and reporting steps.

FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3)

Annual data on the fraud types most affecting adults 60+.

AARP

Scam-tracking alerts and a fraud helpline oriented to older adults.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)

Financial-exploitation prevention materials.

National Council on Aging (NCOA)

Consumer education on top scams targeting seniors.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Clinical fall-risk screening, assessment, and intervention framework.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Risk factors, home-safety checklists, and patient handouts.

National Council on Aging (NCOA)

Community evidence-based falls-prevention program directory.

American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)

OT-specific home-modification and fall-prevention guidance.

National Institute on Aging (NIA)

Patient-facing home-hazard and balance guidance.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Foundational toolkit for clear communication with all patients.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Plain-language and clear-communication standards.

U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services

National objectives defining personal and organizational health literacy.

Always Use Teach-back! Training

Evidence base and toolkit behind the teach-back activities.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)

Scope-of-practice and evidence maps for cognitive-communication intervention, including spaced retrieval and external memory aids.

Oren, Willerton, & Small (2014) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(1), 247–270

Systematic review in ASHA's peer-reviewed research journal. The evidence anchor for the Spaced Retrieval Training activity. (ASHA member or institutional access required.)

Benigas (2015) · Perspectives on Gerontology, 20(1), 34–43

Clinician-facing overview of how spaced retrieval is administered and how the technique developed. (ASHA member or institutional access required.)

Davis, Wolff, Murdock, Lopez, & Murphy (2019) · EBP Briefs, 14(1), 1–10

Systematic review of 11 studies (2 systematic reviews, 7 group comparison, 2 single group) on internal and external memory strategies for adults with TBI; concludes both should be considered as compensatory techniques. Its external-aid arm draws on Sohlberg et al. (2007) — 21 articles, 270 participants — which supported external aids after brain injury at the strength of a Practice Guideline; the most common aid across those studies was a paper memory notebook, the authors suggesting electronic devices may have been too complex for severe impairment. The highest-rated trial in the set (Lannin et al., 2014; n = 42, PEDro-P 8/10) nonetheless found handheld computers reduced everyday memory failures against non-electronic strategies. The authors state plainly that methodological quality across the 11 studies was not consistently high — concealment of allocation, blinding, and intention-to-treat analysis were satisfied by one paper or none. The evidence anchor for the External Memory Aids section.

Cicerone et al. (2019) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(8), 1515–1533

Landmark systematic review that rates compensatory strategies for mild memory deficits a Practice Standard (its highest recommendation tier). The overarching evidence anchor for the Internal Memory Strategies activity and the pre-task strategy step.

Kaschel et al. (2002) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12(2), 127–153

Randomized controlled trial showing imagery mnemonic training improved everyday memory in adults with acquired memory impairment. Basis for the Picture It strategy.

Bailey, Dunlosky, & Hertzog (2014) · Gerontology, 60(4), 346–356

Brief training in interactive imagery and sentence generation improved memory performance in older adults. Basis for the Picture It and Connect It strategies.

Borella, Carretti, Riboldi, & De Beni (2010) · Psychology and Aging, 25(4), 767–778

Verbal working-memory training in adults aged 65–75 with transfer and maintenance effects at follow-up. Supports rehearsal-based practice (Repeat It).

Gross, Parisi, Spira, Kueider, Ko, Saczynski, Samus, & Rebok (2012) · Aging & Mental Health, 16(6), 722–734

35 controlled studies, 3,797 community-dwelling older adults. Trained groups gained 0.31 SD over controls (95% CI 0.22–0.39). The strategies pooled — visual imagery, categorization, association, attention, and rehearsal — cover all five taught here, and training several at once was associated with larger gains. Cognitively intact samples; transfer to everyday function was not assessed.

Belleville, Cuesta, Bier, Brodeur, Gauthier, Gilbert, Grenier, Ouellet, Viscogliosi, & Hudon (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: DADM, 16(3), e12626

Randomized trial of strategy training (visual imagery, method of loci, face-name association, semantic organization, attention control) in 145 adults with MCI. Five years on, the trained group improved on delayed memory (d = 0.68) and the MoCA (d = 0.96) while controls declined. Caveats: only 59 of 127 returned at five years, and there was no effect on instrumental activities of daily living.

Hampstead, Sathian, Moore, Nalisnick, & Stringer (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(5), 883–889

Pilot study in 8 adults with amnestic MCI. Three one-hour sessions produced 27–69% gains in recognition of trained face-name pairs, still present at one month. Small and uncontrolled, and untrained pairs returned to baseline.

Ciaramelli, Neri, Marini, & Braghittoni (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 211

Structured previewing and questioning of a passage before recall (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) raised free recall about 40% in adults with prefrontal damage and mild memory deficits, including a self-generated version. Supports Focus on Key Information. Small uncontrolled sample (n = 7).

American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)

Framework for observing cognition through real-world IADL performance rather than isolated testing.